WHAT IS AN AUTOMOBILE - IN BRIEF

Modes of Transportation

What was the difference between a train and a bus?

Train:

     - It was a locomotive, i.e. wagons are pulled by an engine

     - Engine was external to wagons

Bus:

      - It was not a locomotive

      - Engine was an internal part of the vehicle

      - It was a self-propelled vehicle, i.e. runs on it’s own power

automobile

•      The word automobile was derived from two words i.e. ‘Auto’ and ‘Mobile’

•      The word ‘Auto’ comes from the Ancient Greek word ‘autós’, which means self run or self-propelled

•     The word ‘Mobile’ comes from the Latin word ‘mobilis’, which means movable

•       Therefore, automobile was a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle

                            Simply, automobile was a self-propelled vehicle.

      History of Automobile

•    1769: Nicholas Joseph Cugnot (1725-1804) from France built the first self-propelled, three-wheeled road avehicle for the French Army with a maximum speed of 2.5 mph

•        1832-1839: Robert Anderson, from Scotland built the first Electric Carriage

•     1885/86: Karl Friedrich Benz (1844-1929) from Germany built the first true automobile. This four-stroke, three-wheeled vehicle was powered by an internal combustion engine

•    1886: Gottileb Wilhelm Daimler (1834-1900) and Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) built the first gasoline powered, four-wheeled, four-stroke engine

•    Invention of Petrol and Diesel engines by German inventors Nikolaus Otto and Rudolf Diesel respectively, helped in bringing out modern automobiles.

         History of Automobiles in India

•      The first automobile in India rolled in 1897 in Bombay

•          Around 1938, some assembly plants were established in Bombay

•           Here assembling of automobiles was done using imported components

•            The Premier Automobile Ltd(1943) and Hindustan Motors Ltd(1944)  were established to manufacture the components of automobile

•      Tata Motors and Ashok Leyland companies are prominent manufacturers of heavy vehicles in India

•           Hindustan Motors Ltd (Ambassador) and Premier Automobiles Ltd (Fiat ) are the leading manufacturers in cars up to 1980

•           Establishment of Maruthi Udyog Ltd (MUL) in collaboration with Suzuki company had created a new trend in car manufacturing with many colours and different models    

•      Automobile Engineering

 

•         -Automobile engineering or automotive engineering was a branch of engineering

•      - It deals with the study of  design, manufacturing and operation of automobiles and also their respective engineering subsystems

    -This was also a part of vehicle engineering

Major Components of an Automobile

•         Chassis

•         Body

1) Chassis of an Automobile

•         It is skeleton of the automobile

•         It is a complete vehicle except the body

•         Whole vehicle excluding the additional fitment

•         Plural form of chassis is also “chassis”

                             chasis of lorry

chasis of car

                

 

Body of an Automobile

•         It is the super structure of the vehicle

•         It is bolted or welded to the vehicle

•         It covers the chassis

Design of the body is based on the arrangement of seats, doors and roof structure, etc

Components of Chassis

1. Engine
2. Basic structure
3. Transmission system
4. Control systems
5. Auxiliaries

Engine

•         It is also called as power plant of the automobile

•         It provides necessary power to run the automobile

•         Internal Combustion Engines (I.C.Engines) are used in automobiles

Basic Structure

The following components combined together is known as the basic structure of an automobile

               1. Frame

               2. Suspension System

               3. Axles

               4. Wheels

Transmission System

•           In automobiles, the power developed by the engine is ultimately aimed to turn  the wheels so that the vehicle can move on the road

                     

•             Power developed by the engine will be transmitted through  various components which finally turn the wheels

•             These components all together are  known as Transmission system

   

Components of transmission system

•         Clutch

•         Gear box

•         Universal joints

•         Propeller shaft

•         Differential

Control Systems

     when an automobile is running on the road, the

      following operations are performed :

•  Reduction or increase of the speed of vehicle
• Stopping of the vehicle 
• Taking turn to change the direction of the vehicle

To perform these operations, a vehicle needs  various control systems

• Two types of control systems are there:
•          1. Steering System
•                - To change the direction of the vehicle
•          2. Brake System

o   To slow down or stop the vehicle

Auxiliaries (Electrical)

       In automobiles, power is required not only to run the vehicle, but also required

•               To blow horn

•               To start the engine

•                     For lighting

•                     To show various gauge readings such as                           

           speedometer and fuel level indicator

       Battery and various electrical circuits, which are provided in the automobiles to meet these requirements are known as auxiliaries

Various auxiliaries (electrical circuits) in the automobiles

–        Starting circuit

–        Charging circuit

–        Lighting circuit

–        Horn circuit

–        Gauges circuit

Main Components of an Automobile

Components of Chassis

1. Engine
2. Basic structure
3. Transmission system
4. Control systems
5. Auxiliaries

Engine

•         It is also called as power plant of the automobile

•         It provides necessary power to run the automobile

•         Internal Combustion Engines (I.C.Engines) are used in automobiles

Basic Structure

The following components combined together is known as the basic structure of an automobile

               1. Frame

               2. Suspension System

               3. Axles

               4. Wheels

Transmission System

•           In automobiles, the power developed by the engine is ultimately aimed to turn  the wheels so that the vehicle can move on the road

                     

•             Power developed by the engine will be transmitted through  various components which finally turn the wheels

•             These components all together are  known as Transmission system

   

Components of transmission system

•         Clutch

•         Gear box

•         Universal joints

•         Propeller shaft

•         Differential

Control Systems

     when an automobile is running on the road, the

      following operations are performed :

•  Reduction or increase of the speed of vehicle
• Stopping of the vehicle 
• Taking turn to change the direction of the vehicle

To perform these operations, a vehicle needs  various control systems

• Two types of control systems are there:
•          1. Steering System
•                - To change the direction of the vehicle
•          2. Brake System

o   To slow down or stop the vehicle

Auxiliaries (Electrical)

       In automobiles, power is required not only to run the vehicle, but also required

•               To blow horn

•               To start the engine

•                     For lighting

•                     To show various gauge readings such as                           

           speedometer and fuel level indicator

       Battery and various electrical circuits, which are provided in the automobiles to meet these requirements are known as auxiliaries

Various auxiliaries (electrical circuits) in the automobiles

–        Starting circuit

–        Charging circuit

–        Lighting circuit

–        Horn circuit

–        Gauges circuit

Main Components of an Automobile

WHAT IS DTSI (DIGITAL TWIN SPARK IGNITION SYSTEM) ?

     

  It was very interesting to know about complete combustion in automobile engineering , because in actual practice, perfect combustion was not at all possible due to various losses in the combustion chamber as well as design of the internal combustion engine. More over the process of burning of the fuel was also not instantaneous. However an alternate solution to it was by making the combustion of fuel as fast as possible. This can be done by using two spark plugs which spark alternatively at a certain time interval so as increase the diameter of the flame & burn the fuel instantaneously. This system was called DTSI (Digital Twin Spark Ignition system). In that system, due to twin sparks, combustion will be complete...

Working Procedure

Digital Twin Spark ignition engine had two Spark plugs located at opposite ends of the combustion chamber and hence fast and efficient combustion was obtained. The ignition system on the Twin spark was a digital system with static spark advance and no moving parts subject to wear. The benefits of this efficient combustion process could be felt in terms of better fuel efficiency and lower emissions. It was mapped by the integrated digital electronic control box which also handles fuel injection and valve timing. It features two plugs per cylinder.

                it also prevents the upper rev limit from being exceeded. At low revs, the over boost was mostly used when overtaking, and this was why it cuts out automatically. At higher speeds the over boost would enhance full power delivery and would stay on as long as the driver exercises maximum pressure on the accelerator.

Moreover, such a system could adjust idling speed & even cuts off fuel feed when the accelerator pedal was released, and meters the enrichment of the air-fuel mixture for cold starting and accelerating purposes; if necessary,

             This innovative solution, also entailing a special configuration of the hemispherical combustion chambers and piston heads, ensures a fast, wide flame front when the air-fuel mixture was ignited, and therefore less ignition advance, enabling, moreover, relatively lean mixtures to be used. This technology provides a combination of the light weight and twice the power offered by two-stroke engines with a significouldt power boost, i.e. a considerable "power-toweight ratio" compared to quite a few four-stroke engines

Main characteristics

• Digital electronic ignition with two plugs per cylinder and two ignition distributors.

• Twin overhead cams with camshaft timing variation

• Injection fuel feed with integrated electronic twin spark ignition.

• A high specific power.

• Compact design and Superior balance.

Construction

Digital spark technology was currently used in Bajaj motor cycles in India, because they have the patent right. Digital twin spark ignition technology powered engine had two spark plugs. It was located at opposite sides of combustion chamber. This DTS-I technology would have greater combustion rate because of twin spark plug located around it. The engine combust fuel at double rate than normal. This enhances both engine life and fuel efficiency. It was mapped by the digital electronic control box which also handles fuel ignition and valve timing. A microprocessor continuously senses speed and loads of the engine and respond by altering the ignition timing there by optimizing power and fuel economy.

Advantages & Disadvantages 

Advantages                                                                                

• Less vibrations and noise 

• Long life of the engine parts such as piston rings and valve stem. 

• Decrease in the specific fuel consumption 

• No over heating 

• Increase the Thermal Efficiency of the Engine & even bear high loads on it. 

• Better starting of engine even in winter season & cold climatic conditions or at very low temperatures because of increased Compression ratio. 

• Because of twin Sparks the diameter of the flame increases rapidly that would result in instantaneous burning of fuels. Thus force exerted on the piston would increase leading to better work output. 

Disadvantages 

• There was high NOx emission

 • If one spark plug get damaged then we have to replace both 

• The cost was relatively more 

Applications 

It uses in automotive engines. In India Bajaj had patented for dts-i technology. At present platina, xcd125, 135, discover150, pulsar135, 150, 180, 200, 220 etc. are using the dts-i(digital twin spark ignition system). Which means the petrol enters into the cylinder burns more efficiently.

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